With bull turnout and breeding season in mind, we continue to discuss considerations about the bulls we’ll be turning out. Specifically, selection for calving ease. If we intend to breed a set of heifers this spring, calving ease becomes an economically important trait in our next calf crop.
Dystocia (calving difficulty, typically caused by a large or awkwardly positioned fetus) is far more likely to occur in first-calf heifers and typically not a significant issue in mature beef cows. With no dystocia, calf death loss within 24 hours of birth is less than 5 percent but this percentage can increase by as much as two to four times if calving assistance is required.
Heifers that calve unassisted do a better job of raising that calf, have shorter rebreeding intervals and calve earlier the following year. Obviously, we would like to avoid calving difficulty and if we have identified it as a priority, several selection tools are available.
First, sire selection is critical. Over time, 90 percent of genetic change is a result of sire selection because bulls sire more calves in a breeding season than a cow will produce in her lifetime. Effective sire selection should be based on expected progeny differences (EPDs) resulting from genetic prediction. Selection based on EPDs is seven to nine times more effective than selection based on weights or within herd ratios alone. EPDs are more effective because they are calculated based on individual weights, within herd ratios, pedigree relationship and the performance of all relatives, as well as DNA.
So when calving ease is important consider the following EPDs:
Calving Ease Direct (CED) — CED is expressed as a difference in percentage of unassisted births, with a higher value indicating greater calving ease in first-calf heifers. It predicts the average difference in ease with which a sire’s calves will be born when he is bred to first-calf heifers.
For example, Bull A has CED of 5 and Bull B has a CED of 16. If we mate both bulls to a set of virgin replacement heifers, we are 11 percent less likely to pull a calf sired by Bull B.
Birth Weight EPD (BW) — BW is expressed in pounds and is a predictor of a sire’s ability to transmit birth weight to his progeny compared to that of other sires.
For example: Bull C has a BW EPD of -0.7 and Bull D has a BW EPD of 3.3. Calves sired by Bull C will weigh 4 lbs. less at birth, on average.
If you will be keeping replacement heifers sired by bulls you’ll be turning out this year, consider:
Calving Ease Maternal (CEM) — CEM is expressed as a difference in percentage of unassisted births with a higher value indicating greater calving ease in first-calf daughters. It predicts the average ease with which a sire’s daughters will calve as first-calf heifers when compared to daughters of other sires. Because it is a trait expressed when the bull’s daughters are having their first calves it is a “next generation” maternal predictor.
For example, Bull E has a CEM of 8 and Bull F has a CEM of 13. If we are calving out the daughters of both bulls which are mated to the same sire, we are 5 percent less likely to pull a calf from one of Bull F’s daughters
The bottom line: Selection of genetically superior sires is the fastest approach to herd improvement and profitability. Genetic improvement is cumulative and permanent. Investing in improved genetics now will pay dividends for generations to come. — Mark Z. Johnson, Oklahoma State University Extension beef cattle breeding specialist
