Technological developments in agriculture have enabled continued output growth without requiring much additional inputs. Innovations in animal and crop genetics, chemicals, equipment and farm organization have made it possible for total agricultural output to nearly triple between 1948 and 2021.
During that period, the number of inputs used in farming declined slightly over time, meaning that the growth in agricultural output over the long term has depended on increases in total factor productivity (TFP).
TFP measures the amount of agricultural output produced from the combined inputs (land, labor, capital and intermediate inputs) employed in farm production. Therefore, growth in TFP indicates positive changes in the efficiency with which inputs are transformed into outputs.
It can also be seen as an indicator of technical change. In the short term, total output growth and estimated TFP growth can be affected by random events, such as adverse weather. In the most recent TFP calculation period spanning 2020-21, agricultural output grew, which was due entirely to TFP growth, even as the amount of inputs used in farming fell. — USDA Economic Research Service
