Crops can be irrigated with gravity or pressurized systems.
Gravity systems use on-field furrows, basins, or poly-pipe to advance water across the surface of the fields through gravity only. Pressurized systems apply water under pressure through pipes or other tubing directly to crops (e.g., sprinkler and micro/drip irrigation systems).
In general, pressurized irrigation systems use water more efficiently than gravity systems because less water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and field runoff. From 1984 to 2013, the number of acres irrigated using pressurized irrigation systems roughly doubled. Concurrently, the acreage irrigated using gravity systems declined to less than half of 1984 levels in the western states, where a generally arid climate has required irrigation in many areas.
In 2023, pressurized irrigation systems accounted for 75% of irrigated acres, up from 69% in 2013. However, this increase was due mainly to the decrease in acres irrigated using gravity systems, which declined from 13.5 to 9.8 million acres from 2013 to 2023. Over those 10 years, acres irrigated with pressurized systems also decreased, although not as much as gravity-based systems, from 30 to 29 million acres. — USDA Economic Research Service
